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Old 06-28-2008, 05:08 PM
rannietha4th rannietha4th is offline
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Default What materials are usd to create cologne and perfume?

I know water, alcohol, and extracts are used...but what kind of water is it????


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Old 07-24-2008, 01:55 PM
fghi222 fghi222 is offline
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Thumbs down 阴茎增大

写的不错.............可以再做些研究~~~~~~~~~~~~~阴茎增大的原理:从阴茎的生理结构看,增大阴茎主要有以下几种途径...而自然阴茎增大法中的许多方法,本身就可以增强男性体内激素的分泌。 从而使阴茎细胞数量迅速增多,达到阴茎自然增大的效果。...
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Old 07-27-2008, 02:12 PM
vwxy082 vwxy082 is offline
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Arrow age of conan gold

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Old 10-04-2008, 05:21 AM
fghi222 fghi222 is offline
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Arrow nail uv lamp

描述:nail uv lamp 9x4 -1 10( 2 20) 。 同样的伟大业绩证明一个新的时尚外观。 该三十六瓦特nail product 治疗非常快。它有两个设定: 90秒和120秒。 四9瓦的灯泡被列入(除非注明) 。这是安全和有效使用最大衣和凝胶。 铜水库一方面的时间。 1 )重量: 220伏特灯泡:一点八公斤一百一十伏特的灯: 2.25千克 2 )测量: 100x220x240mm 3 )电力: 36瓦特 4 )电压:220 - 240V的50 100一百一十伏特60Hz的 5 )定时器: 120secs 。 6 )波长的最高峰: 370nm 。 (此波长属于可见光, hurtless眼睛,但最好不要看直管很长一段时间) 7 )使用4pcs 9瓦特 nail products ,请更换灯泡经常保持效率。
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Old 10-07-2008, 06:50 AM
weiwei weiwei is offline
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Angry Here was a change,

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Old 10-11-2008, 08:47 AM
weiwei weiwei is offline
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Smile Here was a change,

Here was a change, and wow gold here were claims which could not but operate! She might have disdained him in all the dignity of angry virtue, in the wow gold grounds of Sotherton, or the theatre at Mansfield Park; but he approached her now with rights that demanded different treatment. She must be courteous, and she must be compassionate. She must have a sensation of being honoured, and whether thinking of herself or her brother, she must have a strong wow gold feeling of gratitude. The effect of the whole was a manner so pitying and agitated, and words intermingled with her refusal so expressive of obligation and concern, that to a temper of vanity and hope like Crawford's, the truth, or at least the strength of her indifference, might well be questionable; and he wow power leveling was not so irrational as Fanny considered him, in the professions of persevering, assiduous, and not desponding attachment which closed the interview. weiwei1978123
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Old 10-16-2008, 02:05 PM
fghi222 fghi222 is offline
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Arrow 湖北led

湖北led分类  1、 按发光管发光颜色分  按发光管发光颜色分,可分成红色、橙色、绿色(又细分黄绿、标准绿和纯绿)、蓝光等 。另外,有的发光二极管中包含二种或三种颜色的芯片。  根据发光二极管出光处掺或不掺散射剂、有色还是无 色,上述各种颜色的发光二极管还可分成有色透明、无色透明、有色散射和无色散射四种类型。散射型发光二极管 和达于做指示灯用。  2. 按发光管出光面特征分   按发光管出光面特征分圆灯、方灯、矩形、面发光管、侧向管、表面安装用微型管等。圆形灯按直径分为φ2 mm、φ4.4mm、φ5mm、φ8mm、φ10mm及φ20mm等。国外通常把φ3mm的发光二极管记作 T-1;把φ5mm的记作T-1(3/4);把φ4.4mm的记作T-1(1/4)。  由半值角大小可以估计圆形发光强度角分布情况。  从发光强度角分布图来分有三类:  (1)高 指向性。一般为尖头环氧封装,或是带金属反射腔封装,且不加散射剂。半值角为5°~20°或更小,具有很高 的指向性,可作局部照明光源用,或与光检出器联用以组成自动检测系统。  (2)标准型。通常作指示灯用, 其半值角为20°~45°。  (3)散射型。这是视角较大的指示灯,半值角为45°~90°或更大,散射 剂的量较大。  3. 按发光二极管的结构分   按发光二极管的结构分有全环氧包封、金属底座环氧封装、陶瓷底座环氧封装及玻璃封装等结构 。  4. 按发光强度和工作电流分  按发光强度和工作电流分有普通亮度的LED(发光强度100mcd);把发光强 度在10~100mcd间的叫高亮度发光二极管。一般LED的工作电流在十几mA至几十mA,而低电流LE D的工作电流在2mA以下(亮度与普通发光管相同)。  除上述分类方法外,还有按芯片材料分类及按功能分 类的方法。   晶片,什么是led晶片?  一、LED晶片的作用:  LED晶片为LED的主要原材料,LED主要 依靠晶片来发光。  二、LED晶片的组成  主要有砷(AS)铝(AL)镓(Ga)铟(IN)磷(P)氮 (N)锶(Si)这几种元素中的若干种组成。  三、LED晶片的分类  1、按发光亮度分:  A、一般 亮度:R?pH?pG?pY?pE等  B、高亮度:VG?pVY?pSR等  C、超高亮度:UG?pU Y?pUR?pUYS?pURF?pUE等  D、不可见光(红外线):R?pSIR?pVIR?pHIR   E、红外线接收管:PT  F、光电管:PD  2、按组成元素分:  A、二元晶片(磷?p镓):H ?pG等  B、三元晶片(磷?p镓?p砷):SR?pHR?pUR等  C、四元晶片(磷?p铝?p镓? p铟):SRF?pHRF?pURF?pVY?pHY?pUY?pUYS?pUE?pHE、UG  四、L ED晶片特性表(详见下表介绍)  LED晶片型号发光颜色组成元素波长(nm)晶片型号发光颜色组成元素 波长(nm)  SBI蓝色lnGaN/sic 430 HY超亮黄色AlGalnP 595  SBK较亮蓝色lnGaN/sic 468 SE高亮桔色GaAsP/GaP 610  DBK较亮蓝色GaunN/Gan 470 HE超亮桔色AlGalnP 620  SGL青绿色lnGaN/sic 502 UE最亮桔色AlGalnP 620  DGL较亮青绿色LnGaN/GaN 505 URF最亮红色AlGalnP 630  DGM较亮青绿色lnGaN 523 E桔色GaAsP/GaP635  PG纯绿GaP 555 R红色GAaAsP 655  SG标准绿GaP 560 SR较亮红色GaA/AS 660  G绿色GaP 565 HR超亮红色GaAlAs 660  VG较亮绿色GaP 565 UR最亮红色GaAlAs 660  UG最亮绿色AIGalnP 574 H高红GaP 697  Y黄色GaAsP/GaP585 HIR红外线GaAlAs 850  VY较亮黄色GaAsP/GaP 585 SIR红外线GaAlAs 880  UYS最亮黄色AlGalnP 587 VIR红外线GaAlAs 940  UY最亮黄色AlGalnP 595 IR红外线GaAs 940  五、注意事项及其它  1、LED晶片厂商名称:A、光磊(ED) B、国联(FPD)C、鼎元(TK)D、华上(AOC)E、汉光(HL) F、AXT G、广稼  2、LED晶片在生产使用过程中需注意静电防护。  六、补充  LED显示屏(L ED panel):LED就是light emitting diode ,发光二极管的英文缩写,简称LED。它是一种通过控制半导体发光二极管的显示方式,用来显示文字、图形、 图像、动画、行情、视频、录像信号等各种信息的显示屏幕。   LED显示屏分为图文显示屏和视频显示屏,均由LED矩阵块组成。图文显示屏可与计算机同步显示汉字、 英文文本和图形;视频显示屏采用微型计算机进行控制,图文、图像并茂,以实时、同步、清晰的信息传播方式播 放各种信息,还可显示二维、三维动画、录像、电视、VCD节目以及现场实况。LED显示屏显示画面色彩鲜艳 ,立体感强,静如油画,动如电影,广泛应用于车站、码头、机场、商场、医院、宾馆、银行、证券市场、建筑市 场、拍卖行、工业企业管理和其它公共场所。  它的优点:亮度高、工作电压低、功耗小、微型化、易与集成电 路匹配、驱动简单、寿命长、耐冲击、性能稳定。  七、MOCVD市场调研情况  目前-- MOCVD设备制造商主要有两家:  1.德国AIXTRON公司(英国THOMAS SWAN公司已被AIXTRON公司收购) 累计销售1000台  2007年4月24日,AIXTRON与台湾璨圆光电(Formosa Epitaxy)宣布AIXTRON的第一千台CCS MOCVD(30x2英寸)在璨圆的工厂内落户,壮大了璨圆已有的AIXTRON设备阵容(包括几台AIX 2400/2600G3 HT)  最新型号:AIX 2800G4-R AlGaInP MOCVD  2.美国VEECO公司(并购美国EMCORE公司)。  其中AIXTRON公司(含TH OMAS SWAN公司)大约占60-70%的国际市场份额,而VEECO公司占30-40%。  其他厂家主要包括日本的NIPPON Sanso和Nissin Electric等,其市场基本限于日本国内。如,日本日亚公司和丰田合成等公司生产的GaN-MOCVD设备不在市场上销售,仅供自用;而日本SANSO公司生产的GaN-MOCVD设备性能优良,但仅限日本市场销售。从设备性能上来讲,日亚公司设备生产的材料质量和器件性能, 要远优于AIXTRON和EMCORE的设备。按生产能力计算,GaN-MOCVD设备在全球市场的主要分布为:中国台湾地区48%,美国15%,日本15%,韩国11%,中国大 陆7%,欧盟4%。  PS:第一家做出MOCVD的是英国Thomas Swan公司  PS:中村修二使用日本SANSO的MOCVD机台研究出蓝光 目前中村修二在美国CREE公司  芯片制造企业主要购买德国AIXTRON和美国EMCORE两家供应商 的MOCVD设备,以6片和9片机居多,每台设备的价格在70万美元到100万美元。 近期有企业引进19片和21片机,并已有企业开始装备VEECO公司生产的比较先进的24片MOCVD设备 。  八、备注(名词解释)  1.色温  色温究竞是指什么? 我们知道,通常人眼所见到的光线,是由光的三原色(红绿蓝)组成的7种色光的光谱所组成。色温就是专门用来 量度光线的颜色成分的。   用以计算光线颜色成分的方法,是19世纪末由英国物理学家洛德•凯尔文所创立的,他制定出了一整套色温 计算法,而其具体界定的标准是基于以一黑体辐射器所发出来的波长。   凯尔文认为,假定某一纯黑物体,能够将落在其上的所有热量吸收,而没有损失,同时又能够将热量生成的能 量全部以“光”的形式释放出来的话,它便会因受到热力的高低而变成不同的颜色。例如,当黑体受到的热力相当 于500—550℃时,就会变成暗红色,达到1050一1150℃时,就变成黄色……因而,光源的颜色成分 是与该黑体所受的热力温度相对应的。只不过色温是用凯尔文(°K、也就是绝对温度)的色温单位来表示,而不 是用摄氏温度(℃)单位表示的。在加热铁块的过程中,黑色的铁在炉温中逐渐变成红色,这便是黑体理论的最好 例子。当黑体受到的热力使它能够放出光谱中的全部可见光波时,它就由红转变橙黄色、黄色最后变成白色,通常 我们所用灯泡内的钨丝就相当于这个黑体。色温计算法就是根据以上原理,用°K来表示受热钨丝所放射出光线的 色温。根据这一原理,任何光线的色温是相当于上述黑体散发出同样颜色时所受到的“温度”。   颜色实际上是一种心理物理上的作用。所有颜色印象的产生,是由于时断时续的光谱在眼睛上的反应,所以色 温只是用来表示颜色的视觉印象。摄影人都知道:有光才有色,没有光就没有色。   彩色胶片的设计,一般是根据能够真实地记录出某一特定色温的光源照明来进行的,分为550 0 °K日光型、3200 °K灯光型等多种。因而,摄影家必须懂得采用与光源色温相同的彩色胶卷,才会得到准确的色彩再现。如果光源 的色温与胶卷的色温互相不平衡,就不会对色彩进行准确的还原。这时,我们就要靠滤光镜来提升或降低光源的色 温,使曝光条件与胶卷拟定的色温相匹配,才会有准确的色彩再现。而数码照相机、摄像机等要求进行白平衡调整 ,实际上也就是对数码机器进行拍摄环境的基础色温定位。目的是同样的:为了色彩的准确再现。   如何准确地进行色温定位?这就需要使用到“色温计”啦。一般情况下,正午10点至下午2点,晴朗无云的 天空,在没有太阳直射光的情况下,标准日光大约在5200~5500°K。新闻摄影灯的色温在3200°K ;一般钨丝灯、照相馆拍摄黑白照片使用的钨丝灯以及一般的普通灯泡光的色温大约在2800°K;由于色温偏 低,所以在这种情况下拍摄的照片扩印出来以后会感到色彩偏黄色。而一般日光灯的色温在7200~8500° K左右,所以在日光灯下拍摄的相片会偏青色。这都是因为拍摄环境的色温与拍摄机器设定的色温不对造成的。一 般在扩印机上可以进行调整。但如果拍摄现场有日光灯也有钨丝灯的情况,我们成为混合光源,这种片子很难进行 调整。   综上所述,拍摄期间对色温的考量、设定以及调整就显得非常重要。无论你是使用传统相机还是数码相机以及 摄像机。都必须重视色温!  2.光谱  光谱是复色光经过色散系统(如棱镜、光栅)分光后,被色散开的单 色光按波长(或频率)大小而依次排列的图案。  光波是由原子内部运动的电子产生的.各种物质的原子内部电 子的运动情况不同,所以它们发射的光波也不同.研究不同物质的发光和吸收光的情况,有重要的理论和实际意义 ,已成为一门专门的学科——光谱学.下面简单介绍一些关于光谱的知识.  分光镜观察光谱要用分光镜,这里 我们先讲一下分光镜的构造原理.图6-18是分光镜的构造原理示意图.它是由平行光管A、三棱镜P和望远镜筒B组成的.平行光管A的前方有一个宽 度可以调节的狭缝S,它位于透镜L1的焦平面①处.从狭缝射入的光线经透镜L1折射后,变成平行光线射到三 棱镜P上.不同颜色的光经过三棱镜沿不同的折射方向射出,并在透镜L2后方的焦平面MN上分别会聚成不同颜 色的像(谱线).通过望远镜筒B的目镜L3,就看到了放大的光谱像.如果在MN那里放上照相底片,就可以摄 下光谱的像.具有这种装置的光谱仪器叫做摄谱仪.  发射光谱物体发光直接产生的光谱叫做发射光谱.发射光 谱有两种类型:连续光谱和明线光谱.连续分布的包含有从红光到紫光各种色光的光谱叫做连续光谱(彩图6). 炽热的固体、液体和高压气体的发射光谱是连续光谱.例如电灯丝发出的光、炽热的钢水发出的光都形成连续光谱 .  只含有一些不连续的亮线的光谱叫做明线光谱(彩图7).明线光谱中的亮线叫做谱线,各条谱线对应于不 同波长的光.稀薄气体或金属的蒸气的发射光谱是明线光谱.明线光谱是由游离状态的原子发射的,所以也叫原子 光谱.观察气体的原子光谱,可以使用光谱管(图6-19),它是一支中间比较细的封闭的玻璃管,里面装有低压气体,管的两端有两个电极.把两个电极接到高压电 源上,管里稀薄气体发生辉光放电,产生一定颜色的光.  观察固态或液态物质的原子光谱,可以把它们放到煤 气灯的火焰或电弧中去烧,使它们气化后发光,就可以从分光镜中看到它们的明线光谱.  实验证明,原子不同 ,发射的明线光谱也不同,每种元素的原子都有一定的明线光谱.彩图7就是几种元素的明线光谱.每种原子只能 发出具有本身特征的某些波长的光,因此,明线光谱的谱线叫做原子的特征谱线.利用原子的特征谱线可以鉴别物 质和研究原子的结构.  吸收光谱高温物体发出的白光(其中包含连续分布的一切波长的光)通过物质时,某些 波长的光被物质吸收后产生的光谱,叫做吸收光谱。例如,让弧光灯发出的白光通过温度较低的钠气(在酒精灯的 灯心上放一些食盐,食盐受热分解就会产生钠气),然后用分光镜来观察,就会看到在连续光谱的背景中有两条挨 得很近的暗线(见彩图8.分光镜的分辨本领不够高时,只能看见一条暗线).这就是钠原子的吸收光谱.值得注 意的是,各种原子的吸收光谱中的每一条暗线都跟该种原子的发射光谱中的一条明线相对应.这表明,低温气体原 子吸收的光,恰好就是这种原子在高温时发出的光.因此,吸收光谱中的谱线(暗线),也是原子的特征谱线,只 是通常在吸收光谱中看到的特征谱线比明线光谱中的少.
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Old 10-20-2008, 08:30 AM
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Old 10-22-2008, 02:13 PM
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Old 10-23-2008, 10:36 PM
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